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              <p>学习“1-6未增减成本”，重点不是只记住“成本没变”，而是先弄清楚<strong>哪一项成本、比较范围是什么、讨论的是总额还是单位额</strong>。本篇按2008年成本会计复习课件的学习方式，先辨认成本性态，再按步骤计算，最后用例题核对结论。</p>

<h2>一、六个辨析点：先认清成本口径</h2>
<ol>
<li><strong>确定成本对象：</strong>明确题目问的是设备租金、材料费、产品成本，还是全部成本。</li>
<li><strong>区分总额与单位额：</strong>总额是某段期间的合计金额，单位额是平均分摊到每件产品的金额。</li>
<li><strong>识别固定成本：</strong>在相关范围内，固定成本总额通常不随业务量变化。</li>
<li><strong>计算单位固定成本：</strong>单位固定成本＝固定成本总额÷业务量；业务量增加时，单位固定成本通常下降。</li>
<li><strong>识别变动成本：</strong>在相关范围内，单位变动成本通常相对稳定；变动成本总额＝单位变动成本×业务量。</li>
<li><strong>处理混合成本：</strong>按题目给出的分解关系计算，不能只凭费用名称判断它的变化方式。</li>
</ol>
<p>下表对比三类成本在业务量增加时的常见表现。判断时仍须以题目给定的相关范围和条件为准。</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr><th>成本类型</th><th>业务量增加时的成本总额</th><th>业务量增加时的单位金额</th><th>判断提醒</th></tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td>固定成本</td><td>相关范围内通常不变</td><td>通常下降</td><td>不要把总额稳定误写成单位金额稳定</td></tr>
<tr><td>变动成本</td><td>通常增加</td><td>相关范围内通常相对稳定</td><td>不要把单位金额稳定误写成总额不变</td></tr>
<tr><td>混合成本</td><td>依成本分解关系而定</td><td>依业务量和分解结果而定</td><td>先按题目条件分解，再进行比较</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<h2>二、四步判断法</h2>
<ol>
<li><strong>圈出比较对象。</strong>标明题目讨论的是某项费用、产品成本、成本总额，还是单位成本。</li>
<li><strong>找出业务量指标。</strong>记录产量、工时或机器小时等指标，并写清变化前后的数值。</li>
<li><strong>判断成本性态与范围。</strong>辨认固定成本、变动成本或混合成本，并确认业务量是否在相关范围内。</li>
<li><strong>列式复核结论。</strong>分别计算变化前后的总额和单位额，再判断哪一个发生变化。</li>
</ol>
<p>固定成本可先检查总额，再用“固定成本总额÷业务量”计算单位额；变动成本可用“单位变动成本×业务量”计算总额。题目没有给出范围或分解条件时，不要自行省略这些限制。</p>

<h2>三、例题：业务量增加时，哪些成本未增减</h2>
<p><strong>题目：</strong>某车间每月设备租金为6000元。在相关范围内，产量从1000件增加到1500件。每件产品的变动材料成本为4元。分别判断设备租金总额、单位分摊租金、材料成本总额和单位材料成本的变化。</p>
<p><strong>第一步：识别成本项目。</strong>题目说明设备租金在相关范围内按月支付，可按固定成本处理；材料成本按每件4元计算，可按单位变动成本处理。</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr><th>产量</th><th>月租金总额</th><th>单位分摊租金</th><th>单位材料成本</th><th>材料成本总额</th><th>两项成本合计</th></tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td>1000件</td><td>6000元</td><td>6元/件</td><td>4元/件</td><td>4000元</td><td>10000元</td></tr>
<tr><td>1500件</td><td>6000元</td><td>4元/件</td><td>4元/件</td><td>6000元</td><td>12000元</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong>第二步：核对固定成本。</strong>设备租金总额两种产量下都是6000元；单位分摊租金分别为6000÷1000＝6元/件、6000÷1500＝4元/件。</p>
<p><strong>第三步：核对变动成本。</strong>材料成本总额分别为4×1000＝4000元、4×1500＝6000元；单位材料成本均为4元/件。</p>
<p><strong>结论：</strong>未增减的是设备租金总额和单位材料成本；单位分摊租金下降，材料成本总额增加。两项成本合计也从10000元增加到12000元，因此不能把某一项固定成本总额不变，写成全部成本都不变。</p>

<h2>四、答案写法与易错点</h2>
<p>书面作答可按“判断依据—计算过程—结论”组织。例如：“设备租金属于相关范围内的固定成本，产量由1000件增至1500件时，租金总额仍为6000元；单位分摊额由6元/件降至4元/件。因此，未增减的是租金总额，单位分摊额发生变化。”</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>只写“成本不变”：</strong>没有说明成本项目，也没有区分总额与单位额。</li>
<li><strong>把固定成本总额当作单位成本：</strong>忽略了产量变化对分摊金额的影响。</li>
<li><strong>把单位变动成本不变当作总额不变：</strong>业务量增加时，变动成本总额通常随之增加。</li>
<li><strong>忽略相关范围：</strong>固定成本总额稳定的判断受题目设定范围限制，不能任意外推。</li>
</ul>

<h2>五、随堂练习</h2>
<p><strong>练习：</strong>某产品在相关范围内产量由800件增至1000件，每月固定制造费用为5000元，单位变动成本为3元。分别计算两种产量下的单位固定制造费用和变动成本总额，并判断哪项成本总额未增减。</p>
<p><strong>参考答案：</strong>产量为800件时，单位固定制造费用为5000÷800＝6.25元/件，变动成本总额为3×800＝2400元；产量为1000件时，单位固定制造费用为5000÷1000＝5元/件，变动成本总额为3×1000＝3000元。两种产量下，固定制造费用总额均为5000元，未增减；单位固定制造费用下降，变动成本总额增加。</p>
<p>复习“1-6未增减成本”时，依次检查<strong>对象、范围、口径</strong>：先确定是哪项成本，再确认业务量是否处于相关范围，最后区分成本总额和单位成本。按这个顺序判断并列式，结论就能与计算结果相互对应。</p>
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